Effect of Wrist-Ankle Acupuncture on Postoperative Analgesia after Total Knee Arthroplasty / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of wrist-ankle acupuncture (WAA) in pain and functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#From June to September 2020, 94 participants were included from the Second Hospital of Tangshan and randomly assigned to the WAA group (47 cases) and the sham WAA group (47 cases) by a random number table, receiving real or sham WAA treatment, respectively. The primary outcome measure involved the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at rest and in motion. The secondary outcomes involved the range of motion (ROM) of the knee joints, straight-leg raising time, postoperative weight-bearing time, sufentanil consumption within 48 h of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications.@*RESULTS@#The VAS scores on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days at rest and in motion was significantly lower in the WAA group than that of the sham WAA group (P<0.01). The ROM on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd PODs was significantly higher in the WAA group than that of the sham WAA group (P<0.01). In comparison to the sham WAA group, the sufentanil consumption within 48 h of PCA pump was significantly less in the WAA group (156.3 ± 12.2 µg vs. 128.8 ± 9.8 µg, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in active straight-leg raising time, postoperative weight-bearing time, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#WAA could alleviate post-TKA pain, improve knee joint function, and reduce the sufentanil consumption within 48 h of PCA pump. WAA is a safe and effective treatment in the perioperative analgesic management for TKA.

Estudio cuasi experimental: analgesia intratecal Clonidina vs Morfina para manejo del dolor postoperatorio inmediato en cirugías de columna / QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY: CLONIDINE INTRATHECAL ANESTHESIA VS. MORPHINE FOR IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN SPINE SURGERY

Introducción: El manejo inmediato del dolor postoperatorio es esencial para una comodidad y rehabilitación temprana del paciente Este estudio busca evaluar el efecto analgésico postoperatorio inmediato en cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior, como los efectos adversos con la administración de analgesia intratecal, usando Clonidina contra Morfina. Material y métodos: Es un estudio analítico de intervención, cuasi experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, comparativo, doble ciego. Para comparar la eficacia de la analgesia intratecal post operatoria inmediata en cirugías de columna lumbosacra primarias por vía posterior y los efectos adversos. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos previamente designados, a un grupo se le administro Clonidina 0.5 microgramos/kg/peso y a otro grupo Morfina 5 microgramos/Kg/Peso. intratecal, intraoperatorio. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa con mejor manejo del dolor postoperatorio en las primeras horas y menor presencia de vómitos en el grupo de pacientes que se utilizó Clonidina intratecal. No existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa de ambas medicaciones intratecales en la valoración de otros efectos adversos. Discusión: El uso de la analgesia intratecal ha ido ganando relevancia en el tiempo y se fueron sumando estudios para ver la eficacia de diferentes medicamentos, diferentes dosis, menor presencia de efectos adversos. El estudio analiza estas variables buscando una mejor opción terapéutica. Tenemos a favor una muestra representativa a pesar de no ser aleatoria, estricto seguimiento, y análisis estadístico adecuado. Conclusión: La Clonidina intratecal es más efectiva para manejo del dolor post operatorio inmediato de cirugías de columna lumbosacra por vía posterior y con menor presencia de efectos adversos

Introduction: Immediate postoperative pain management is essential for the patient's greater comfort and early rehabilitation. Te goal of this study is to evaluate the immediate analgesic postoperative effect in posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, as well as the adverse effects of the administration of intrathecal analgesia, using Clonidine versus Morphine. Material and methods: An analytical, quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal, comparative, double-blinded intervention study was conducted to compare the efficacy of immediate postoperative intrathecal analgesia in primary posterior lumbosacral spine surgery, and the adverse effects. Te patients were divided into two previously designated groups. One group received Clonidine 0.5 microgramos/kg and the other group received Morphine 5 microgramos/kg. Intrathecal, intraoperative. Results: Tere was a statistically significant difference with better postoperative pain management in the first hours and less vomiting in the group of patients who received intrathecal Clonidine. Tere was no statistically significant difference between both intrathecal medications in the evaluation of other adverse effects. Discussion: Te use of intrathecal analgesia, has been on the rise over time and more studies have been conducted to see the efficacy of different drugs, different doses, with fewer adverse effects. Tis study to analyze these variables with a view to finding a better therapeutic option. Te advantage is having a representative if not random sample, strict follow-up, and appropriate statistical analysis Conclusion: Intrathecal Clonidine proved to be more effective in immediate postoperative pain management after posterior lumbosacral spine surgery and with fewer adverse effects

Assessment of The Addition of Epinephrine to Intra-articular Bupivacaine for the Control of Acute Pain in Patients underwent to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Avaliação da adição da epinefrina à bupivacaína intra-articular no controle da dor aguda em pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior

Abstract Objective To evaluate postoperative pain, using the visual analog scale (VAS), in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and receiving intra-articular anesthetic solutions. Methods The present is a randomized clinical trial with a sample of 48 patients divided into 4 groups: Group I (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution (control); Group II (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group III (n » 12) - 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine; and Group IV (n » 12) - 20 mL of saline solution þ 0.1 mg of epinephrine. These solutions were injected into the knee at the end of the surgery. Pain was assessed using the VAS immediately and 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the procedure. Results The VAS scores were highly variable among the groups. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), considering a level of significance of 5%, revealed that all intra-articular anesthetic solutions influenced the assessment of pain (p » 0.003), and that Group-III subjects presented less postoperative pain. There was no evidence of a higher or lower use of supplemental analgesic agents, or of adverse effects resulting from these anesthetic solutions. Conclusion Bupivacaine combined with epinephrine was the most effective solution for pain control in patients undergoing ACLR, but with no statistically significant differences when compared to Group II (p » 0.547). There was no decrease or increase in the use of supplemental analgesics or in the occurrence of adverse systemic effects (p > 0.05).

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar primariamente a dor pós-operatória, por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA), nos pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) que receberam soluções anestésicas intra-articulares (IAs). Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado com uma amostra de 48 pacientes, divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo I (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica (controle); Grupo II (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5%; Grupo III (n » 12) - 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5% þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina; e Grupo IV (n » 12) - 20 ml de solução fisiológica þ 0,1 mg de epinefrina, injetados no joelho ao término da cirurgia. A dor foi avaliada pela EVA imediatamente e 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas após o procedimento. Resultados Observou-se grande variabilidade nos resultados da EVA entre os pacientes avaliados em cada grupo. Verificou-se, pela análise de variância (analysis of variance, ANOVA) de Kruskal-Wallis, considerando um nível de 5% de significância, que as soluções anestésicas IAs de cada grupo influenciaram na avaliação da dor desses pacientes (p » 0,003), sendo os do Grupo III os que apresentaram menor dor pósoperatória. Não se evidenciou um maior ou menor consumo de drogas analgésicas suplementares, ou efeitos adversos das decorrentes das soluções empregadas. Conclusão A solução combinada de bupivacaína e epinefrina foi a mais eficaz no controle da dor nos pacientes submetidos a RLCA, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas com relação ao grupo II (p » 0,547). Não se observou diminuição ou aumento no consumo de analgésicos suplementares, ou o aparecimento de efeitos sistêmicos adversos (p > 0,05).

Eficácia da terapia de fotobiomodulação em episiotomias / Photobiomodulation therapy efficacy in episiotomies

Introdução: Com a finalidade de evitar e reduzir lesões dos tecidos do canal do parto, a episiotomia pode ser realizada. Contudo, complicações cicatriciais podem ocorrer e resultar em desconfortos e dificuldades nas atividades diárias das parturientes. O uso de fotobiomodulação (FBM) em episiotomia é considerada uma alternativa de método não farmacológico para auxiliar no tratamento e cuidado destas puérperas. Objetivo: Revisar os estudos publicados nos últimos 20 anos sobre o efeito da FBM em episiotomia. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura realizada através de busca digital em artigos publicados em revistas eletrônicas, ensaios clínicos e ensaios clínicos randomizados, entre os anos de 2000 e 2020, nas bases de dados eletrônicas PEDro, PubMed, Science Direct e Bireme. Resultados: Foram verificados estudos com aplicação da FBM para reparo tecidual e analgesia em episiotomia. A partir da análise de estudos metodologicamente mais robustos, a FBM não pareceu apresentar benefícios na aceleração do processo cicatricial, mas alguns resultados positivos para o controle da dor. Conclusão: De acordo com os achados, são necessários mais estudos com adequação de parâmetros e qualidade metodológica para elucidar quais os efeitos do uso da FBM no tratamento de episiotomia. (AU)

Introduction: To avoid and reduce lesions of tissues in the birth canal, an episiotomy can be performed. However, scar complications can occur and result in discomfort and difficulties in daily activities of parturient women. The use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in episiotomy is considered an alternative non-pharmacological method to assist in treatment and care of these puerperal women. Objective: To review the studies published in the last 20 years on the effect of PBMT on episiotomy. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through the search of articles published in electronic journals, clinical trials, and randomized clinical trials between 2000 and 2020, in the electronic databases PEDro, PubMed, Bireme, Science Direct. Results: Studies with the application of PBMT for tissue repair and analgesia in episiotomy were verified. From the analysis of methodologically robust studies, the PBMT did not represent benefits in accelerating the healing process, but some positive results for pain control. Conclusion: According to the findings, further studies are needed with adequate parameters and methodological quality to elucidate the effects of using PBMT in the treatment of episiotomy. (AU)

Clinical efficacy of adductor canal blockade combined with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for total knee arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of adductor canal block (ACB) combined with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS)for postoperative analgesia and early functional exercise after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#A total of 84 patients underwent primary unilateral TKA from January 2019 to August 2020 were selected, including 45 males and 39 females, aged 66-77 (72.8±8.9) years;body mass index (BMI) was for 19-25 (23.6±3.5) kg /m@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in VAS of rest pain and activity pain in postoperative 6, 12 h between two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#TEAS combined with ACB has a better postoperative analgesic efficacy than simple ACB, and can promote early functional exercise of patients. It is safe and effective for postoperative analgesia after TKA.

Bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral guiada por ultrasonido / Ultrasound-guided clavipectoral fascia plane block

The case of a patient with clavicular middle third fractures is presented. The aim is explaining the ultrasound guided clavipectoral fascia plane block (CPB). This constitutes a novel technique and an alternative to traditional regional anesthesia of the brachial plexus. The purpose is to provide anesthesia, analgesia, and control over postoperative pain about the pathology mentioned. The technique was first described by L. Valdés in 2017.

Se presenta el caso de una paciente con fractura de tercio medio clavicular con el objetivo de explicar el bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral guiado por ultrasonido (CPB). Ésta constituye una técnica novedosa y una alternativa a los procedimientos tradicionales de anestesia regional del plexo braquial, con el propósito de brindar anestesia, analgesia y control del dolor posoperatorio sobre dicha patología. Esta técnica fue descrita por primera vez en el año 2017 por L. Valdés.

Infusión intravenosa de ketamina a bajas dosis durante cirugía de artrodesis de columna. Una estrategia en el manejo del dolor agudo posoperatorio / Intravenous ketamine infusión at low doses during spinal arthodesis surgery. A strategy in acute postoperative pain management

INTRODUCTION: Acute postoperative pain is a complex problem given the pathophysiological characteristics, increasing health costs and complications and hindering recovery[1],[2]. Spinal arthrodesis is one of the most painful surgical procedures, presenting intense and disabling pain[3],[4]. Multimodal analgesia has been the tool with the best results, based on opioids; however, the combined use of drugs and dependence on opiates are important consequences. Therefore, the analgesic behavior during the use of subanesthetic doses of ketamine is described in the patients undergoing this procedure. METHODOLOGY: A prospective case series study was conducted from January-December 2019, with patients undergoing spinal arthrodesis who met the inclusion criteria, at the Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo University Hospital, Neiva. A univariate statistical analysis of all the variables is performed, with a joint interpretation of the results. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients underwent surgery, one of whom was excluded due to complications related to the surgical material. 88% of the patients showed evaluations of mild or absent pain in at least 4 times, with a number of morphine rescues in 24 hours of 1-2 per patient and patient ambulation in 90% on the first day. CONCLUSIONS. Postoperative spinal arthrodesis patients receiving intravenous ketamine infusion-based analgesia at subanesthetic doses showed mild or absent pain scores at almost all times.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor agudo postoperatorio es un problema complejo dada las características fisiopatológicas, aumentando los costos en salud y las complicaciones y dificultando la recuperación[1],[2]. La artrodesis de columna, es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más dolorosos, presentando un dolor intenso e incapacitante[3],[4]. La analgesia multimodal ha sido la herramienta con mejores resultados, tomando como base los opioides; sin embargo, el uso combinado de fármacos y la dependencia a opiáceos son consecuencias importantes. Por lo anterior, se describe el comportamiento analgésico durante el uso de dosis subanestésicas de ketamina en los pacientes llevados a dicho procedimiento. METODOLOGÍA: Se realiza un estudio tipo serie de casos, prospectivo de enero-diciembre de 2019, con los pacientes llevados a artrodesis de columna que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo, Neiva. Se realiza un análisis estadístico univariado de la totalidad de las variables, con una interpretación conjunta de los resultados. RESULTADOS: Se intervinieron un total de 17 pacientes, uno de los cuales fue excluido por complicaciones relacionadas con el material quirúrgico. El 88% de los pacientes mostraron valoraciones de dolor leve o ausente en al menos 4 tiempos, con número de rescates de morfina en 24 h de 1-2 por paciente y deambulación de los pacientes en el 90% en el primer día. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes posoperatorios de artrodesis de columna que recibieron analgesia basada en infusión endovenosa de ketamina a dosis subanestésicas mostraron valoraciones de dolor leve o ausente, en casi todos los tiempos.

Revisión de metadona intraoperatoria para el manejo de dolor posquirúrgico / Intraoperative methadone for the management of postsurgical pain a review

Pain management associated with surgery is a constant concern of the health team as well as the patient. Multiple proposals for analgesia have been made in the perioperative context. The use of opioids with rapid effect and easy titration in the intraoperative period are currently frequent; to then perform a postoperative analgesic control with drugs with a longer half-life, usually achieving adequate pain management. However, sometimes the standard analgesic scheme is not enough. The problems associated with this situation have led to the need for high doses of opioids in the postoperative period, with the requirement for monitoring, health personnel, and the adverse effects that these involve. Methadone is a long-acting, rapid-onset opioid, the latter secondary to its long elimination half-life. It is presumed that these characteristics have led patients to report adequate pain management, which has been related to a decrease in the need and dose of rescue opioids, in addition to delaying the requirement of these if necessary during the postoperative. These properties allow methadone to be a potential solution to perioperative pain management.

El manejo del dolor asociado a la cirugía es una preocupación constante del equipo de salud al igual que del paciente. Se han planteado múltiples propuestas de analgesia en el contexto perioperatorio, siendo actualmente frecuente el uso de opioides de rápido efecto y fácil titulación en el intraoperatorio; para luego realizar un control analgésico postoperatorio con fármacos de mayor vida media, logrando habitualmente un manejo adecuado del dolor. Sin embargo, a veces el esquema analgésico estándar no es suficiente. La problemática asociada a esta situación ha llevado a la necesidad de altas dosis de opioides en el posoperatorio, con el requerimiento de monitorización, personal de salud y efectos adversos que estos involucran. La metadona es un opioide de inicio de acción rápido y larga duración, este último secundario a su vida media de eliminación prolongada. Se presume que estas características han logrado que los pacientes reporten un adecuado manejo de su dolor, lo que se ha relacionado a una disminución en la necesidad y dosis de opioides de rescate, además de retrasar el requerimiento de éstos en el caso de ser necesarios durante el postoperatorio. Estas propiedades permiten que la metadona pueda ser una potencial solución al manejo del dolor perioperatorio.

Analgesia multimodal una alternativa para el paciente quirúrgico / Multimodal analgesia: an alternative for the surgical patient

Introducción: El dolor posterior a una intervención quirúrgica, es un síntoma frecuentemente observado, no cumple una función útil y el peligro de no tratarlo aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatoria. Objetivo: Destacar la importancia de la analgesia multimodal en el control del dolor agudo posoperatorio. Métodos: Revisión en la literatura impresa tanto nacional como internacional, sobre la analgesia y la modalidad multimodal y además, se hizo búsqueda en Internet. En los artículos revisados se obtuvieron distintos aspectos clínicos de la analgesia multimodal y de sus protocolos. Resultados: En la actualidad para mitigar el dolor y alcanzar la máxima expresión en la analgesia posoperatoria se han desarrollado diferentes modalidades analgésicas, aunque de todas ellas solo ha alcanzado mayor grado de recomendación, la analgesia multimodal porque es capaz de conseguir con su efecto sinérgico y con pequeñas dosis, una mejor potencia para producir analgesia y menos efectos adversos. Consideraciones finales: La analgesia multimodal logra un control adecuado del dolor agudo posoperatorio, disminuye las complicaciones posoperatorias y la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, pero todo esto depende del protocolo de analgesia multimodal propuesto, la vía de administración de los fármacos elegidos, sus dosis y el cumplimiento de los intervalos de aplicación(AU)

Introduction: The pain after surgery is a frequently observed symptom, it is not a useful function and the danger of not treating it increases postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: To highlight the importance of multimodal analgesia in the control of acute postoperative pain. Methods: It was made a review in the printed literature both national and international on the multimodal analgesia, and in addition, a search in Internet. In the reviewed articles there were obtained different clinical aspects of multimodal analgesia and its protocolization. Results: Nowadays, in order to mitigate the pain and achieve the maximum expression in the postoperative analgesia, there have been developed different analgesic modalities, although of all of them it only has achieved a greater degree of recommendation, the multimodal analgesia because it is capable of achieving with its synergetic effect and with small doses, a better power to produce analgesia and fewer adverse effects. Conclusions: The multimodal analgesia achieved adequate control of acute postoperative pain, decreasing the inherent complications of this state and the need of rescue analgesia. All of the above depends on the proposed protocol of multimodal analgesia, the route of administration of the chosen drugs, their doses and the compliance of the application intervals(AU)

Comparison between erector spinal plane block and epidural block techniques for postoperative analgesia in open cholecystectomies: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre as técnicas de bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha e bloqueio epidural para analgesia pós-operatória em colecistectomias abertas: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Blockade of the Erector Spinal Muscle (ESP Block) is a relatively new block, initially described for chronic thoracic pain analgesia, but it has already been described for anesthesia and analgesia in thoracic surgical procedures and, more recently, for high abdominal surgeries. The aim of the study was to compare two techniques, ESP Block and Epidural Block, with morphine and local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy surgeries. Methods: Controlled single-blind randomized clinical trial with 31 patients (ESP Block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), of both genders, ages between 27 and 77 years. The ESP block was performed at the T8 level with injection of 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine bilaterally. The epidural block was performed at the T8-T9 space with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1 mg of morphine. Results: The ESP Block group presented higher mean ​​Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) values for pain in the up to 2 hour (p = 0.001) and in the 24 hour (p = 0.001) assessments. The ESP Block group had a three-fold increased risk (43.7% vs. 13.3%) of rescue opioid use in the 24 postoperative hours when compared to the epidural group (RR = 3.72, 95% CI: 0.91 to 15.31, p = 0.046). Conclusion: ESP Block did not prove to be an effective technique for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy, at the doses performed in this study, having required more use of rescue opioid, and without differences in NPS. More comprehensive studies are required to assess the efficacy of ESP block for the visceral and abdominal somatic component, considering the specific blockade level.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: O Bloqueio do Plano do Músculo Eretor da Espinha (ESP block) é um bloqueio relativamente novo, inicialmente descrito para analgesia de dor torácica crônica, porém já descrito para anestesia e analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos torácicos e, mais recentemente, para cirurgias abdominais altas. O estudo objetivou comparar as técnicas de bloqueio ESP e bloqueio Epidural com morfina e anestésico local para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias de colecistectomia aberta. Método: Estudo clínico randomizado controlado, unicego com 31 pacientes (ESP block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), de ambos os sexos, idades entre 27 e 77 anos. O ESP block foi realizado no nível de T8 com injeção de 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% bilateral. O bloqueio Epidural foi realizado no espaço T8-T9 com 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% e 1 mg de morfina. Resultados: O grupo ESP block apresentou valores médios de dor pela Escala Visual Numérica (EVN) maiores nas avaliações até 2 horas (p= 0,001) e em 24 horas (p= 0,001). O grupo ESP block apresentou um risco três vezes maior - 43,7%vs.13,3% - de uso de opioide de resgate em 24 horas pós-operatórias do que o grupo epidural (RR = 3,72; 95% IC 0,91 a 15,31; p= 0,046). Conclusão: Nas doses realizadas nesse estudo, o ESP block não se mostrou uma técnica efetiva para analgesia pós-operatória de colecistectomia aberta, com mais uso de opioide de resgate e sem diferenças na escala visual numérica de dor. Necessita-se de estudos mais abrangentes avaliando a eficácia do ESP block para o componente visceral e somático abdominal, considerando o nível do bloqueio específico.

Effect of bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus intrathecal dexmedetomidine in postoperative pain

Background: Pain is defined as "unpleasant sensory and sensory experience", associated with actual or potential tissue domage or described in terms of such damage. Objetive: To assess the effect of bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus intrathecal dexmedetomidine in postoperative pain. Patients and method: An experimental design was made of a controlled clinical trial type, in patients scheduled for lower abdomen surgery or lower extremities. A sample of 60 patients was studied during the period from October 1 to december 15, 2018, who agreed to participate in the study through of signing consent under information. Results: It was observed that the time of the rescue analgesia was prolonged in more than 120 min in the case of dexmedetomidine when compared with bupivacaine (p<0.0001); also VAS scores at the time of analgesia rescue for the group with dexmedetomidine were 3.71 ± 1.27 and in the bupivacaine group of 5.7 ± 1.59, the difference of two pints of the VAS (p= <0.001) was significant, which demonstrates that dexmedetomidine is effective for prolong postoperative analgesia and decrease the analgesia requirements. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine at a dose of 5 ug associated with bupivacaine administered intrathecally is more Effective in postoperative analgesia compared with this substance alone in abdominal surgery inferior and lower extremities (AU)

Dolor crónico post cirugía de columna lumbar: magnitud del problema y opciones terapéuticas / Chronic pain after lumbar spine surgery: magnitude of the problem and therapeutic options

El dolor crónico postoperatorio de cirugía de columna lumbar tiene una incidencia entre un 10-50 por ciento de los pacientes postoperados, siendo de difícil manejo. Se ha denominado síndrome de fracaso de cirugía espinal lumbar (FBSS) a aquellos pacientes que han sido beneficiarios de una cirugía del raquis lumbosacro y en quienes no se logra una mejoría de manera satisfactoria, presentando dolor crónico lumbar, siendo su incidencia de alrededor de un 20 por ciento, y debido a una mala evolución del proceso de recuperación que puede ocasionar fibrosis en el canal medular. Existen diversas alternativas terapéuticas para afrontar este problema, donde destacan el tratamiento farmacológico, medicina física y el abordaje intervencionista no quirúrgico y quirúrgico implementados últimamente, con el fin de disminuir de manera efectiva el dolor en este grupo de pacientes. Sin embargo, a pesar de las terapias combinadas, existe un grupo de pacientes que debe ser sometido a una nueva intervención quirúrgica con resultados poco promisorios.

Chronic postoperative pain of lumbar spine surgery has an incidence between 10-50 percent of postoperative patients, being difficult to manage. The Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) has been referred to those patients who have been beneficiaries of lumbosacral spinal surgery and who do not achieve a satisfactory improvement, presenting chronic lumbar pain with an incidence around 20 percent and due to a poor evolution of the recovery process that can cause fibrosis in the medullary canal. There are several therapeutic alternatives to address this problem, which highlights the pharmacological treatment, physical medicine and the non-surgical and surgical intervention approach recently implemented, in order to effectively reduce pain in this group of patients. However, despite the combination therapies, there is a group of patients that must undergo a new surgical intervention with little promising results.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of multiple rib fracture surgery: case report / Bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgia de fratura de múltiplas costelas: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: The erector spinae plane block is a newly described and effective interfascial plane block for thoracic and abdominal surgery. This case report describes a patient with multiple rib fractures undergoing ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia. Case report: A 37-year-old male patient was taken for surgical fixation of multiple rib fractures. At the end of the surgery, using ultrasound-guided longitudinal parasagittal orientation 3 cm to the lateral aspect of the T5 spinous process and an in-plane technique, 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine was administered between the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process, and a catheter was then inserted in the same plane. Before the end of surgery, 1 g paracetamol and 50 mg dexketoprofen were administered. Postoperative analgesia was applied with patient controlled analgesia method using 0.25% bupivacaine via the catheter. The patient's Visual Analogue Scale score at rest in the first 24 h was 0. The patient was monitored for 3 days with Visual Analogue Scale < 4, and the catheter was removed on postoperative day 4. No opioid requirement other than paracetamol and dexketoprofen occurred during this time. No postoperative complications were recorded. Discussion: The erector spinae plane block is an alternative to paravertebral, intercostal, epidural or other regional techniques. It may be a suitable technique in anesthesia and algology practice due to providing analgesia in the postoperative period with a catheter in the erector spinae plane.

Resumo Introdução: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é um bloqueio do plano interfacial recentemente descrito e eficaz para cirurgia torácica e abdominal. Neste relato descrevemos o caso de um paciente com fratura de múltiplas costelas, submetido ao bloqueio contínuo do plano do eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 37 anos, encaminhado para fixação cirúrgica de fratura de múltiplas costelas. Ao final da cirurgia, usando a orientação parassagital longitudinal guiada por ultrassom 3 cm em relação à face lateral do processo espinhoso T5 e a técnica no plano, 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,25% foram administrados entre o músculo eretor da espinha e o processo transverso, e um cateter foi então inserido no mesmo plano. Antes do final da cirurgia, 1 g de paracetamol e 50 mg de dexcetoprofeno foram administrados. A analgesia pós-operatória foi aplicada com o método de analgesia controlada pelo paciente, com bupivacaína a 0,25% via cateter. Na Escala Visual Analógica, o escore do paciente em repouso nas primeiras 24 h foi zero. O paciente foi monitorado por três dias com a Escala Visual Analógica < 4, e o cateter foi removido no quarto dia de pós-operatório. Exceto por paracetamol e dexcetoprofeno, não houve necessidade de outro agente opioide durante esse tempo. Não houve registro de complicação pós-operatória. Discussão: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é uma alternativa às técnicas paravertebrais, intercostais, epidurais ou outras técnicas regionais. Pode ser uma técnica adequada na prática de anestesia e algologia devido ao fornecimento de analgesia no período pós-operatório mediante um cateter no plano do eretor da espinha.

Biomateriales en tratamiento de dolor neuropático postexodoncia / Biomaterials in treatment of post-exodontia neuropathic pain

Los biomateriales son una herramienta usada frecuentemente en neurocirugía, traumatología y cirugía endoscópica, para reparar o reemplazar tejidos y sus funciones. Duragen es un injerto utilizado para la reparación de la duramadre en neurocirugía y beriplast es un sellador de fibrina usado para mejorar la hemostasia y sellado tisular. En el presente caso clínico se utilizaron estos biomateriales para tratar con éxito a una paciente con dolor neuropático refractario post exodoncia de diente 48.

Biomaterials are a usefull tool, used frecuentely in neurosurgery, traumatology and endoscopic surgery, for the repairment or replacement of tissues and there function. Duragen is a graft used to repair the dura mater in neurosurgery, beriplast is a fibrin sealant to treat bleeding and get tisular sealment. In the present clinical case, this material are used succesfuly to treat refractary post exodontia neuropathic pain.

Nuestra experiencia y conducta terapéutica en la hernia inguinal complicada / Experiencia and therapeutic anagement with complicated inguinal hernia

Antecedentes: La hernia inguinal ó crural no tratada se complica frecuentemente con la incarceración o el estrangulamiento de la misma. Lugar de Aplicación: Servicio de Guardia Central. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Diseño: Estudio Prospectivo y protocolizado. Material y método: Entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2015 fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente 118 pacientes con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal atascada. 90 correspondían al sexo masculino y 28 al sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 59 años. En relación a los síntomas el total de los pacientes presentaban dolor inguinocrural, acompañado de una tumoración irreductible. Fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia raquídea 72 casos, 28 generales, 11 peridural y 1 con anestesia local asistida. Resultados: En 96 pacientes se llevo a cabo la técnica de Bassini modificada, en los otros 22 casos la técnica de Mc Vay. En 38 oportunidades se realizó la resección de epiplón por estar comprometido, en 88 se complemento con una incisión relajadora tipo Tanner y en 5 pacientes se dejaron drenajes. En el control a los 7 días, se observo que 15 pacientes habían tenido seromas, en 3 casos presentaban dolor postoperatorio, 1 paciente tuvo un absceso y 19 presento un hematoma. En un control los 5 años que demostró que 3 pacientes presentaban dolor neuritíco y 8 habían recidivada su hernia. Conclusiones: La técnica de Bassini modificada en el tratamiento de las hernias inguinales atascadas es una opción valida y segura, obteniendo buenos resultados inmediatos y con una baja recidiva a largo plazo

Background: The non-operative treatment of both the inguinal and crural hernias can frequently be complicated by incarceration or strangulation of the hernia. Study ground: Emergency department, Clinical National Hospital, National University of Córdoba. Argentina. Design: Prospective and protocolized study. Material and Method: Between January 2000 through December 2015, 118 patients underwent operative procedures with diagnosis of obstruded inguinal hernia. There were 90 males and 28 females with an average age of 59 years. All of them had inguinal-crural pain and irreductible hernia. 72 cases were operated upon, with rachideal anesthesia, 28 with general anesthesia, 11 with peridural, and in 1 case, with local anesthesia. Results: 96 patients were operated with the Bassini´s modificated technique, 22 cases with the Mc Vay´s technique, and in 38 cases with the resection of the omentum. 88 patients received a Tanner´s incision and 5 cases needed a drainage. At the seventh day of control, 15 patients had seromas, 3 suffered postoperative pain, in one case an abscess was developed, and hematomas were observed in 19 cases. At the 5th year control, 3 patients had neuritic pain and 8 patients presented recurrent hernias . Discussion: Bassini´s modificated technique is a valid option for obstructed inguinal hernia with excellent close results and at long term, with a low recurrence rate.

Subcostal transversus abdominis plane block can improve analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal pode melhorar a analgesia após colecistectomia laparoscópica

Abstract Background and goal of study: After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, patients have moderate pain in the early postoperative period. Some studies shown beneficial effects of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block on reducing this pain. Our goal was to investigate influence of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption. Materials and methods: We have randomized 76 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy to receive either subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (n = 38) or standard postoperative analgesia (n = 38). First group received bilateral ultrasound guided subcostal transversus abdominis plane block with 20 mL of 0.33% bupivacaine per side before operation and tramadol 1 mg.kg−1 IV for pain breakthrough (≥6). Second group received after operation tramadol 1 mg.kg−1/6 h as standard hospital analgesia protocol. Both groups received acetaminophen 1 g/8 h IV and metamizole 2.5 g/12 h. Pain at rest was recorded for each patient using NR scale (0-10) in period of 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 16 h after the surgery. Results and discussion: We obtained no difference between groups according age, weight, intraoperative fentanyl consumption and duration of surgery. Subcostal transversus abdominis plane block significantly reduced postoperative pain scores compared to standard analgesia in all periods after surgery. Tramadol consumption was significantly lower in the subcostal transversus abdominis plane (24.29 ± 47.54 g) than in the standard analgesia group (270.2 ± 81.9 g) (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Our results show that subcostal transversus abdominis plane block can provide superior postoperative analgesia and reduction in opioid requirements after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Após a colecistectomia laparoscópica, os pacientes apresentam dor moderada no pós-operatório imediato. Alguns estudos mostraram efeitos benéficos do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal na redução dessa dor. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a influência do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal nos escores de dor no pós-operatório e no consumo de opioides. Materiais e métodos: Foram randomizados 76 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica para receber o bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal (n = 38) ou analgesia padrão no pós-operatório (n = 38). O primeiro grupo recebeu bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal bilateral guiado por ultrassom com 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,33% em cada lado antes da operação e tramadol IV (1 mg.kg−1) para controle da dor (≥ 6). O segundo grupo recebeu tramadol (1 mg.kg−1/6 h) como protocolo-padrão de analgesia hospitalar pós-cirurgia. Ambos os grupos receberam acetaminofeno IV (1 g/8 h) e dipirona (2,5 g/12 h). A dor em repouso foi registrada para cada paciente com o uso da escala NR (0-10) nos períodos de 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h e 16 h após a cirurgia. Resultados e discussão: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a idade, peso, consumo intraoperatório de fentanil e duração da cirurgia. O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal reduziu significativamente o escore de dor no pós-operatório em comparação com a analgesia-padrão em todos os períodos após a cirurgia. O consumo de tramadol foi significativamente menor no grupo bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal (24,29 ± 47,54 g) do que no grupo analgesia padrão (270,2 ± 81,9 g) (p = 0,000). Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que o bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal pode proporcionar analgesia superior no pós-operatório e redução da necessidade de opioides após colecistectomia laparoscópica.

Controle da dor no pós-operatório de lipoaspiração / Postoperative control of liposuction pain

Introdução: O controle da dor é essencial em qualquer evento cirúrgico. A lipoaspiração cursa, em geral, com queixas de dor pós-operatória, o que levanta a discussão acerca da melhor maneira de preveni-la e tratá-la. Dessa forma, estudos indicam que a analgesia deveria começar antes que qualquer estímulo doloroso seja deflagrado a fim de reduzir ou prevenir a dor preemptivamente. A abordagem nas diversas vias álgicas, com combinação de diferentes classes de fármacos ou associação dos bloqueios raquimedular ou epidural com anestesia geral, também pode contribuir para o manejo da dor. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo, intervencionista, tipo Coorte, com pacientes submetidas à cirurgia plástica envolvendo lipoaspiração. O procedimento anestésico padrão consistiu na associação de anestesia geral e subaracnóidea. O escalonamento da dor, realizado 6 e 18 horas após o término da cirurgia, utilizou escalas unidimensionais. A ausência de dor ou a presença de dor leve foram consideradas como resultado satisfatório. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 50 pacientes do sexo feminino, com média de 35 anos de idade. Não foi encontrada dor severa em qualquer momento do estudo. Os resultados satisfatórios representaram 94% e 92% das pacientes na avaliação das 6 e 18 horas do pós-operatório, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Conclusões: A anestesia geral venosa combinada com raquianestesia, em cirurgia de contorno corporal, foi capaz de controlar satisfatoriamente a dor no pós-operatório imediato na maioria dos casos (>90%). A lipoaspiração mostrou ser cirurgia de dor controlável nesta casuística.

Introduction: Pain control is essential in any surgical event. Liposuction is, in general, accompanied by complaints of postoperative pain, which raises the discussion about the best way to prevent and treat it. Accordingly, studies indicate that the analgesia should begin before any painful stimulus is triggered in order to reduce or prevent the pain preemptively. The approach of the various pain pathways, with a combination of different classes of drugs or utilization of spinal block or epidural/general anesthesia can also contribute to pain management. Methods: A descriptive, prospective, interventional cohort type study was conducted with patients undergoing plastic surgery involving liposuction. The standard anesthetic procedure consisted of an association between general and spinal anesthesia. The assessment of pain, carried out 6 and 18 hours after the end of the surgery, used unidimensional scales. The absence of pain or the presence of mild pain was considered a satisfactory result. Results: Fifty female patients were evaluated, with an average of 35 years of age. No intense pain was found at any time during the study. Satisfactory results accounted for 94% and 92% of the patients in the assessment at 6 and 18 hours post-surgery, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intravenous anesthesia combined with spinal anesthesia, in body contouring surgery, was able to satisfactorily control pain in the immediate postoperative period in most cases (>90%). In this study, liposuction was revealed to be a type of surgery with manageable pain.

Optimizing post-operative pain management in Latin America / Aprimorar o controle da dor no pós-operatório na América Latina

Abstract Post-operative pain management is a significant problem in clinical practice in Latin America. Insufficient or inappropriate pain management is in large part due to insufficient knowledge, attitudes and education, and poor communications at various levels. In addition, the lack of awareness of the availability and importance of clear policies and guidelines for recording pain intensity, the use of specific analgesics and the proper approach to patient education have led to the consistent under-treatment of pain management in the region. However, these problems are not insurmountable and can be addressed at both the provider and patient level. Robust policies and guidelines can help insure continuity of care and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. The objective of this paper is to call attention to the problems associated with Acute Post-Operative Pain (APOP) and to suggest recommendations for their solutions in Latin America. A group of experts on anesthesiology, surgery and pain developed recommendations that will lead to more efficient and effective pain management. It will be necessary to change the knowledge and behavior of health professionals and patients, and to obtain a commitment of policy makers. Success will depend on a positive attitude and the commitment of each party through the development of policies, programs and the promotion of a more efficient and effective system for the delivery of APOP services as recommended by the authors of this paper. The writing group believes that implementation of these recommendations should significantly enhance efficient and effective post-operative pain management in Latin America.

Resumo O controle da dor no período pós-operatório é um problema significativo na prática clínica na América Latina. O controle insuficiente ou inadequado da dor é devido, em grande parte, à insuficiência de conhecimento, atitudes e formação e à comunicação precária em vários níveis. Além disso, a falta de conscientização da disponibilidade e importância de políticas e diretrizes inequívocas para avaliar a intensidade da dor, o uso de analgésicos específicos e a abordagem adequada para instruir o paciente levaram ao subtratamento consistente da dor na região. Contudo, esses problemas não são insuperáveis e podem ser abordados no âmbito tanto do provedor quanto do paciente. Políticas e diretrizes substanciais podem ajudar a garantir a continuidade dos cuidados e reduzir as variações desnecessárias na prática. O objetivo deste artigo é chamar a atenção para os problemas associados à dor aguda no pós-operatório (DAPO) e sugerir recomendações para solucioná-los na América Latina. Um grupo de especialistas em anestesiologia, cirurgia e dor desenvolveu recomendações que levarão a um controle mais eficiente e eficaz da dor. Será preciso mudar o conhecimento e o comportamento dos profissionais de saúde e pacientes e obter um compromisso por parte de legisladores. O sucesso dependerá de uma atitude positiva e do compromisso de cada parte através do desenvolvimento de políticas e programas e da promoção de um sistema mais eficiente e eficaz para a prestação de serviços para a DAPO, como recomendado pelos autores deste trabalho. O grupo que as redigiu acredita que a aplicação dessas recomendações deve melhorar de modo significativo a eficiência e eficácia do controle da dor no período pós-operatório na América Latina.

Dolor postoperatorio: factores de riesgo y abordaje / Postoperative pain: risk factors and approach

ResumenEl dolor es una experiencia universal pero única para cada individuo. El proceso patológico que culmina en una intervención quirúrgica es una de las principales fuentes de dolor, muchas veces abordado y manejado de manera subóptima o en entornos que carecen de la organización adecuada. La utilización de la historia clínica y examen físico para la identificación de factores de riesgo conocidos para dolor postoperatorio agudo y crónico son fundamentales al elaborar un plan de manejo del dolor efectivo. Según las recomendaciones, se obtiene una mejor respuesta con el uso de terapia multimodal farmacológica y no farmacológica que involucra celecoxib preoperatorio, anestesia regional periférica o neuraxial, manejo de dolor postoperatorio con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES), acetaminofén, gabapentina o pregabalina; implementación de terapia cognitiva y de comportamiento. Monitoreo y valoración periódica del paciente para evaluar su respuesta a analgésicos y efectos adversos asociado a coordinación y planeamiento eficaz de protocolos y guías en cada centro de salud, se han visto de utilidad al valorar a un grupo tan heterogéneo e impredecible.

Abstract:Pain is a universal experience but unique for every individual. The pathological processes that end in a surgical intervention are some of the main pain sources, often approached and managed suboptimally or without proper organization. The use of clinical history and physical examination to identify known risk factors to postoperative acute and chronic pain are fundamental to elaborate an effective pain management plan. According to recommendations, the outcome improves with pharmacological and non-pharmacological multimodal analgesia, including celecoxib before surgery, peripheral regional anesthesia or neuraxial techniques, management of postoperative pain with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, gabapentin or pregabalin; implementation of cognitive - behavioral therapy. Monitoring and periodic assessments associated with coordination and planning of protocols and guidelines in every clinical center, have been useful to evaluate a heterogeneous and unpredictable group, in order to establish the patients' response to analgesics and their adverse effects.